Protecting Your Funds from Bank Collapses

Investing in hard assets like pure nickel wire is an excellent way to safeguard your funds against the risk of bank collapses that are becoming increasingly common in the world today. As we have seen with the recent collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and the evaporation of Credit Suisse’s values, relying solely on traditional investment vehicles like banks and stocks can be a risky proposition. In this article, we will explore the benefits of investing in hard assets like pure nickel wire and why they are a safe and stable investment choice.

The Benefits of Investing in Hard Assets like Pure Nickel Wire

First and foremost, hard assets like pure nickel wire have intrinsic value that is not dependent on the performance of financial institutions or the stock market. This means that their value is not subject to the same fluctuations and uncertainties that can affect traditional investment vehicles. Unlike stocks or bonds, which can lose value rapidly during a market downturn or economic crisis, hard assets retain their value and often even increase in value during times of economic uncertainty.

Moreover, hard assets like pure nickel wire are tangible assets that can be physically held and stored. This provides a level of security that is not possible with financial assets like stocks or bonds, which are often held electronically and subject to the whims of market forces and economic conditions. With hard assets, you can physically store your investment in a secure location and rest easy knowing that it is safe from any potential collapse of financial institutions.

Another advantage of investing in hard assets is that they offer protection against inflation. As the value of currency decreases over time, the value of hard assets like pure nickel wire typically increases. This is because these assets have real, tangible value that is not subject to the same inflationary pressures as currency. By investing in hard assets, you can protect your wealth against the erosive effects of inflation and ensure that your investment maintains its value over the long term.

In conclusion, investing in hard assets like pure nickel wire is an excellent way to safeguard your funds against the risk of bank collapses and economic uncertainty. These assets have intrinsic value, can be physically held and stored, and offer protection against inflation. By diversifying your investment portfolio with hard assets, you can ensure that your wealth is protected and secure, even in times of financial instability.

Secure and Stable Investments:

The Advantages of Investing in ZTI Invest GmbH’s Pure Nickel Wire

ZTI Invest GmbH’s pure nickel wire is a high-quality product that is backed by all official documents, including a Certificate of Analysis, Certificate of Safekeeping Receipt, and Certificate of Deposit. These documents provide investors with confidence in the authenticity and quality of the product they are investing in.
Furthermore, ZTI Invest GmbH’s pure nickel wire is stored in a secure and safe warehouse in Germany. This facility is equipped with state-of-the-art security measures and is staffed by trained professionals who ensure that the hard assets are protected at all times.

Investing in ZTI Invest GmbH’s pure nickel wire also provides investors with the opportunity to diversify their portfolio and reduce their overall investment risk. By investing in a tangible asset like pure nickel wire, investors can reduce their exposure to market fluctuations and economic uncertainty.
Finally, ZTI Invest GmbH has a proven track record of delivering high-quality hard assets to investors. The company has a reputation for transparency, accountability, and customer service, and is committed to providing its clients with the best possible investment experience.

In conclusion, investing in ZTI Invest GmbH’s pure nickel wire offers investors a secure and stable investment opportunity that is backed by official documentation, stored in a secure facility, and supported by a reputable and trustworthy company. By diversifying their portfolio with hard assets like pure nickel wire, investors can protect their wealth and safeguard against the risks of market fluctuations and economic uncertainty.

Cyrus Zareen
CEO
ZTI Invest GmbH

The ocean of opportunities

ZTI Invest GmbH Company Introduction:

ZTI Invest is based in Munich, Germany as is an investment company.

Other ZTI companies are in Oslo, Norway and Istanbul Turkey and operate in the fields of consulting and trading. ZTI’s activity is in the fields of Rare Metals, Agri products, Finance, Construction Materials and Petrochemicals. Our professional team always provides the best services in these fields. Our products are always available with excellent quality, reasonable prices and delivery. Also, we focus on creating for our partners and client’s values.

 

ZTI Invest goal is to Become one of the leading and innovative suppliers of rare metals in global market and growth in worldwide. We strive to work hard for a better future. Our policy on natural resources and environmental safety ensures compliance with the highest international standards. We work on all operations to reduce environmental issues and improve environmental safety. Also, we consider it our responsibility to the community to create a safe work environment, introduce a safety culture, solve social and economic problems, and maintain workers’ health.

 

Management:

Mr. Cyrus Zareen is the founder and CEO of company with +20 years Leadership experience from various manufacturing industries and he is an ambitious, inspirational, analytic and strategic commercial professional. Also, he educated as electronic engineer with extensive education in management from Norway.

 

Partners:

IGAS research company, SISCONETO ADVOGADOS ASSOCIADOS (SAS) GIREDMET and testing analytical center are ZTI partners. Our partners are the high ranked European Companies that supplies certificates for clients.

 

Rare Metals:

ZTI company offers rare metals in a specialized way. The company supplies Nickel Wire 0.025 mm and Copper Isotope powder as rare metals. Nickel Wire 0,025mm has different prices according to the purity percentage. The company sells Nickel Wire 0.025 mm + GOST 2179-75 + DKRNT with NP0, NP1, NP2 standards. Also, the company sells copper isotopes in powder form with 99.999% purity. You can contact Mr. Cyrus Zareen and check the price by visiting different parts of the site through communication channels and social networks.

 

Nickel Wire 0,025 mm, GOST 2179-75, DKRNT with 99,98%:

ZTI Invest GmbH can supply Nickel Wire 0,025 mm in all three high purity standards Nickel Wire 0,025 mm, GOST 2179-75, DKRNT with NP0, NP1, NP2 which are certified by a high ranked European Company, IGAS Research Germany. If you are a major investor and want to invest in high-value commodities or need to have reliable SKR to use it in your operation, please contact us.

 

Copper Isotopes:

ZTI supplies stable copper isotope powder that purity grade is 99.99% with after-sales services. It’s useful for medical and aerospace industries. Copper isotopes has been tested by GIREDMET testing analytical center and its purity percentage has been obtained then the certificate has been issued.

 

 

Finance:

ZTI Invest GmbH supplies all of the official documents such as SKR, SBLC and BG. All these official documents can be used as financial instruments. Financial instruments are contracts between individuals that have monetary value and they can be use in fields of creating, purchasing, trading, modifying and settling.

The company is the owner of SKR for Nickel Wire deposited in Germany. In this case, the property owner decides to hand over his assets to a representative. That representative is usually a bank or financial institution. The trustee gives a confirmation to the owner. A contract is also concluded and the owner can send a confirmation to a third party that these steps sometimes cost.

 

Agri products:

ZTI Invest GmbH supplies Agri-products such as animal feed and human feed around the world with perfect quality according to client needs. Agriculture provides the best opportunity to reduce poverty, hunger and malnutrition among the significant people globally. Putting an end to hunger and extreme poverty requires the transformation of the agricultural and food systems found in many developing countries.

 

Human Feed:

The company has a long-term service history and is ready to serve and meet the needs of the human feed section. Also, it has the ability to supply, market and sell fish from Norway. Wheat, corn, soy, rice and Animal husbandry are some of ZTI activities in the field of human feed.

 

Animal Feed:

ZTI Invest has a long-term service history and is ready to serve and meet the needs of the animal food section. Fodder corn, straw, alfalfa, beet pulp, barley cereals, rice bran, aquatic food and etc. are the animal feed that the company can supplies to the clients with high quality and reasonable prices.

 

Brazilian Agricultural Products:

ZTI Invest GmbH has a long history of service and is ready to provide services in the field of Brazilian agricultural products. Soy, beef, sugar, poultry, coffee, wood, corn and cotton are Brazil’s most important agricultural exports. The export of Brazilian agricultural products in 2021 reached a historical figure of 120.4 billion dollars with a growth of 19.7%, because of increasing the price of export products.

 

Construction material:

ZTI Invest GmbH provides high quality modern and common construction materials like cement, steel and etc. and pays attention to client needs. Construction materials are materials or goods that can be used for incorporation into the building and the contractor will order them. Construction materials have extensive variety and usage in the construction industries, so engineers and construction projects managers verify and approve the materials and methods of their use. With the improvement of science and technology and the use of new methods, construction materials with better quality and resistance are produced. These materials increase the life of the structure and have the necessary resistance against various factors. Nano technology is one of the technologies used in materials production. In this technology, adding nano particles to materials increases their quality and efficiency. Nano materials show good resistance against weather changes, fatigue, corrosion, demolition and sulfate attack.

 

Petrochemicals:

ZTI Invest is ready to provide high quality petrochemicals products such as polymers, carbon, caustic soda, urea and etc. Petrochemicals are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such natural gas, coal or renewable sources.

 

Petrochemical products:

ZTI investment company based in Munich, Germany with long time of history and professional team is ready to provides in petrochemicals products. Our company supplies all the main materials and derivatives of petrochemical. The basic materials are Ethylene, Propylene, Butylene, Butadiene, Aromatics, Ammonia, and Methanol. And derivatives are: Styrene, Ethylene Glycol, Isobutylene, Acrylonitrile, and Glycerin.

Polyethylene is the most common plastic nowadays. Polyethylene is a type of polymer that is primarily used in the packaging and plastic industry, geomembranes and containers such as bottles, plastic pipes, piping fittings and so on.

 

This article is produced in ZTI Invest GmbH Company.

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LONDON, July 5 (Reuters Breakingviews) – Vladimir Potanin is striking while the iron is still hot. Shortly after snapping up two Russian banks in a post-sanctions fire sale, the largest shareholder and chief executive of $47 billion Russian metals group Norilsk Nickel (GMKN.MM) is eyeing a takeover of $16 billion aluminium maker Rusal (RUAL.MM).

Norilsk Nickel definitely has the upper hand in any negotiations – it is bigger, more profitable and brings more to the table in terms of sanctions protection. As the United States learned in 2018, blacklisting Rusal had disastrous consequences for the global aluminium market. Sanctioning Norilsk Nickel would multiply the pain across nickel, copper, palladium and platinum – all metals key to the transition to a lower-carbon economy. With inflation already rocketing, Washington is even less likely to take the risk. And, despite being ice hockey buddies with President Vladimir Putin, Potanin has somehow managed to stay off the U.S. blacklist, unlike his Rusal rival, Oleg Deripaska.

Making aluminium is a very different process from nickel, copper, palladium or platinum, but there could still be some cost savings, as long as hydroelectric plants technically owned by Rusal parent En+ are included in the deal. Rusal would also get access to Norilsk’s shipping fleet, a rarity for metals groups. And a larger company with hefty sanctions armour-plating would secure cheaper finance, handy for developing sites like the massive Kolmozerskoye lithium ore deposit in Murmansk on Russia’s northwest tip.

LONDON, July 5 (Reuters Breakingviews) – Vladimir Potanin is striking while the iron is still hot. Shortly after snapping up two Russian banks in a post-sanctions fire sale, the largest shareholder and chief executive of $47 billion Russian metals group Norilsk Nickel (GMKN.MM) is eyeing a takeover of $16 billion aluminium maker Rusal (RUAL.MM).

Norilsk Nickel definitely has the upper hand in any negotiations – it is bigger, more profitable and brings more to the table in terms of sanctions protection. As the United States learned in 2018, blacklisting Rusal had disastrous consequences for the global aluminium market. Sanctioning Norilsk Nickel would multiply the pain across nickel, copper, palladium and platinum – all metals key to the transition to a lower-carbon economy. With inflation already rocketing, Washington is even less likely to take the risk. And, despite being ice hockey buddies with President Vladimir Putin, Potanin has somehow managed to stay off the U.S. blacklist, unlike his Rusal rival, Oleg Deripaska.

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Making aluminium is a very different process from nickel, copper, palladium or platinum, but there could still be some cost savings, as long as hydroelectric plants technically owned by Rusal parent En+ are included in the deal. Rusal would also get access to Norilsk’s shipping fleet, a rarity for metals groups. And a larger company with hefty sanctions armour-plating would secure cheaper finance, handy for developing sites like the massive Kolmozerskoye lithium ore deposit in Murmansk on Russia’s northwest tip.

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However, there are snags, in particular Potanin and Deripaska’s prickly personal history, which has spilled over into disputes in London courtrooms over how Norilsk should be run. Right now, Potanin has his nose in front with a 36% stake. But En+ is not far behind, with a 26% shareholding. Chuck in Deripaska’s 45% slice of the Rusal owner, and it’s easy to see how Potanin’s crown could be dislodged in the merged entity. Of course, Deripaska technically doesn’t control Rusal because of a sanctions deal with the U.S. Treasury, but he’s unlikely to agree a merger that doesn’t recognise at least some of his Rusal clout.

LONDON, July 5 (Reuters Breakingviews) – Vladimir Potanin is striking while the iron is still hot. Shortly after snapping up two Russian banks in a post-sanctions fire sale, the largest shareholder and chief executive of $47 billion Russian metals group Norilsk Nickel (GMKN.MM) is eyeing a takeover of $16 billion aluminium maker Rusal (RUAL.MM).

Norilsk Nickel definitely has the upper hand in any negotiations – it is bigger, more profitable and brings more to the table in terms of sanctions protection. As the United States learned in 2018, blacklisting Rusal had disastrous consequences for the global aluminium market. Sanctioning Norilsk Nickel would multiply the pain across nickel, copper, palladium and platinum – all metals key to the transition to a lower-carbon economy. With inflation already rocketing, Washington is even less likely to take the risk. And, despite being ice hockey buddies with President Vladimir Putin, Potanin has somehow managed to stay off the U.S. blacklist, unlike his Rusal rival, Oleg Deripaska.

Advertisement · Scroll to continue

Making aluminium is a very different process from nickel, copper, palladium or platinum, but there could still be some cost savings, as long as hydroelectric plants technically owned by Rusal parent En+ are included in the deal. Rusal would also get access to Norilsk’s shipping fleet, a rarity for metals groups. And a larger company with hefty sanctions armour-plating would secure cheaper finance, handy for developing sites like the massive Kolmozerskoye lithium ore deposit in Murmansk on Russia’s northwest tip.

Advertisement · Scroll to continue

However, there are snags, in particular Potanin and Deripaska’s prickly personal history, which has spilled over into disputes in London courtrooms over how Norilsk should be run. Right now, Potanin has his nose in front with a 36% stake. But En+ is not far behind, with a 26% shareholding. Chuck in Deripaska’s 45% slice of the Rusal owner, and it’s easy to see how Potanin’s crown could be dislodged in the merged entity. Of course, Deripaska technically doesn’t control Rusal because of a sanctions deal with the U.S. Treasury, but he’s unlikely to agree a merger that doesn’t recognise at least some of his Rusal clout.

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Putting such differences aside is easier now that they’re on the same side against a hostile West. If they can keep it going after the guns fall silent, Russia’s nickel and aluminium kings will have expanded both their realms.

Follow @dasha_reuters on Twitter

(This article has been corrected in paragraph four to state that En+, not Oleg Deripaska, has a 26% shareholding in Norilsk Nickel.)

(The author is a Reuters Breakingviews columnist. The opinions expressed are her own.)

CONTEXT NEWS

Vladimir Potanin, Norilsk Nickel’s chief executive and largest shareholder, said on July 4 he was ready to discuss a possible merger of the Russian mining giant with aluminium producer Rusal.

Norilsk Nickel and Rusal are not under Western sanctions. However, top Rusal shareholder Oleg Deripaska is on Washington’s list of “specially designated nationals”. Potanin was sanctioned by Britain last week, adding to measures already imposed by Canada and Australia.

Potanin cited the need to protect the companies against Western sanctions as one of the reasons for a possible merger.

Norilsk Nickel is the world’s largest producer of palladium and refined nickel. Rusal is the world’s largest aluminium producer outside China.

Rusal shares were up 6% at 0818 GMT on July 5, while Norilsk Nickel shares were down 2%.

Editing by Ed Cropley and Oliver Taslic

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

Source by : reuters.com

The new company, China Rare Earth Group Co, will operate under the state asset regulator

China’s State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (Sasac) has announced the establishment of China Rare Earth Group Co, a new national rare earths company, after a merger.

Planned to be operated under the state asset regulator, the new company will be formed through the consolidation of three rare earth producing entities – Minmetals Rare Earth, Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co and China Southern Rare Earth Group Co.

According to state media CCTV, the new conglomerate aims to become top rare earths exploration and trading firm. Rare earths are used in consumer electronics and military equipment.

SASAC will own a stake of 31.2% in the new entity while China Minmetals Rare Earth, Chinalco and Ganzhou Rare Earth will have 20.3% interest each, reported CCTV.

Furthermore, Jiangxi Ganzhou Rare Metal Exchange and Ganzhou Zhonglan Rare Earth New Material Technology are planned to be merged into the new entity, according to Reuters.

CRU Group consultant Daan de Jonge was cited by the news agency as saying that the new entity would account for around 70% of heavy rare earths production in the country, based on quotas for the first half of 2021.

Jonge added: “This will mean that the pricing power of key rare earths, such as dysprosium and terbium, will be in the hands of one ‘super’.”

China is said to be the world’s leading rare earths producer, controlling up to 90% of the rare earths processing sector.

MaterialsWeek 2021
Focusing on Sustainability:
This year’s WerkstoffWoche will be held internationally under the name of “MaterialsWeek” from 07 to 09 September 2021, with six thematic topics.

https://dgm.de/materialsweek/

Rare earth metals or “rare earths,” a collection of 17 elements[1] that are valued for their conductive and magnetic properties, have made headlines again. Over the past year and a half, their prices have risen to levels not seen since their peak in 2011. What’s more, in December 2021, Beijing approved the merger of three of China’s biggest rare earth metals state-owned enterprises (SOEs)—China Minmetals Rare Earth, Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals, and China Southern Rare Earth Group—along with two other companies—Ganzhou Zhonglan Rare Earth New Material Technology and Jiangxi Ganzhou Rare Metal Exchange. The merger created the world’s second largest rare earths producer, accounting for 30 percent of China’s total rare earth metals production and 60-70 percent of its heavy rare earth metals production.

The new company, reportedly named China Rare Earth Group, is the latest product of a decade-long effort by Beijing to consolidate China’s rare earths industry. The effort is one of several that Beijing has pursued to gain greater control over industries that it sees as having strategic importance, from defense and energy to technology and telecommunications. And certainly, Beijing views its rare earths industry as being strategically important, as Chinese General Secretary Xi Jinping himself noted in 2019. Echoing that view, China’s state-run media has repeatedly lauded the usefulness of the industry as leverage in China’s disputes with Western countries, particularly the United States.

Bigger Is Better

Yet, China’s official framing of the rare earths industry consolidation sounds innocuous: to assure “the stability of production and supply chains”—a goal that Beijing seems to have long since achieved given Chinese dominance over worldwide rare earths production since the 1990s. But for Beijing, assurance of “the stability of production and supply chains” amounts to more than control over the physical production of rare earth metals; it also means the ability to influence their prices, much like the way the OPEC cartel tries to manage the price of oil. That ability is clearly a priority for China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), whose chief, Xiao Yaqing, complained that “China’s rare earths aren’t being sold at a ‘rare’ price but sold at an ‘earth’ price.”

Unfortunately for Beijing, the structure of China’s rare earth industry had long been highly fragmented, making it difficult for Beijing to influence prices. In fact, intense competition among private Chinese companies depressed rare earths prices during much of the first two decades of their global dominance. In a bid to boost prices, Beijing imposed export quotas on rare earth metals in 2009. But after an international protest was lodged against the quotas, the World Trade Organization struck down their use in 2014. Unfazed, Beijing pivoted from export quotas to output quotas. The central government also began to consolidate many of China’s rare earth metals companies, first into six big SOEs and now, with the recent merger, four of them.

Beijing believes that less corporate competition and more state control will enable it to gain greater control over rare earths prices. Indeed, a smaller number of big Chinese rare earth metals companies, which already dominate the world’s production of the metals, should have more bargaining power to negotiate prices with foreign buyers. Such power, Beijing thinks, will not only benefit its homegrown rare earths industry, but also give China greater political advantage and, perhaps, Chinese companies that use the metals an edge over their foreign competitors.

Another reason for China’s consolidation of its rare earths industry concerns international expansion—a key part of the five-year development plan that MIIT laid out for China’s rare earths industry in 2016.[2] For China’s rare earths companies to fulfill that plan, they need capital. Industry consolidation helps. Big companies can raise financing more readily and cheaply than small ones. And Chinese SOEs can do so from Chinese state-owned banks at preferential rates. Hence, as Chinese rare earth metals companies have grown larger, they have also become better positioned to expand internationally. By way of example, Ganfeng Lithium acquired Bacanora, a British lithium producer, in 2021.

A final reason for China’s consolidation push is Beijing’s desire to improve the environmental conditions under which rare earth metals are produced, at least domestically. The byproducts of rare earth metals mining, refining, and smelting are often toxic and, in some cases, radioactive. With direct government control over a small number of big rare earths producers, Beijing should, in theory, be able to better enforce environmental rules and regulations. Curbing externalities would help forestall further public discontent with the pollution that has typified China’s rare earths production in the past.

Buyer Pushback

In the early 2010s, Western concerns about China’s dominance over rare earth metals production largely revolved around the metals’ importance to military systems, like radar and sonar. Today, those concerns have grown to include what that dominance means for national competitiveness in several commercial technologies, such as batteries, electric vehicles, and wind turbines. China’s enactment of rare earth metals export controls and its demonstrated willingness to use them as a political tool to retaliate against Japan for its nationalization of the Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu in China) in 2009 have only reinforced those concerns.

In response, a few Western countries have boosted their rare earth metals mining, refining, and smelting capacities. The United States has been the most active. A once-shuttered rare earths mine in California reopened in 2018; new companies, like Rare Element Resources and UCore Rare Metals, have begun to operate in Texas and Alaska respectively. In the meantime, the U.S. Department of Defense awarded Australia’s Lynas Rare Earths, the biggest rare earth metals producer outside of China, a grant to build a light rare earths refinery in Texas. Concern about continued secure access to rare earth metals has stimulated new investment into their production outside China. Tellingly, China’s share of global rare earth metals production slipped from 80 percent in 2017 to 60 percent in 2021, according to the U.S. Geological Service.[3]

Meanwhile, many Western companies—particularly automobile manufacturers that expect to consume large quantities of rare earth metals—have sought ways to reduce their reliance on them. Some companies, like BMW, Daimler, Nissan, Tesla, Toyota and Volkswagen, have sought to economize their use of rare earth metals. Others, like General Motors, have gone a step further to use alternative rare earths sources, namely those in the United States. A select few companies, like Japanese air-conditioning manufacturer Daikin, intend to entirely phase out rare earth metals from their products.

On the other hand, more ambitious research and development efforts into either new methods of refining and smelting rare earth metals or new materials to replace them have been slow to gather steam. That is likely because rare earths prices fell precipitously after their 2011 peak and stayed low through 2017. However, considering the sustained price increases—not to mention supply-chain disruptions—since then, Western companies may be wise to invest a bit more into such research and development if they hope to contain their costs in the future.

Digging Up Trouble?

Beijing has faced few barriers to the consolidation of the Chinese rare earths industry. But if China’s ever-growing companies are to maintain their global dominance over rare earths production, they will have to more aggressively expand overseas. It turns out rare earth metals are not so rare; they are found all over the world. And as the world has grown more aware of the value of rare earth metals, the ability of Chinese companies to easily strike favorable deals may wane.

Chinese companies seeking to profit from minerals used in lithium-ion batteries have already encountered more difficulties abroad. In one case which began in 2007, two Chinese SOEs, Sinohydro and China Railway Group, struck a deal with former Congolese President Joseph Kabila to exchange Chinese infrastructure investment for a 68 percent stake in a large cobalt-and-copper joint venture called Sicomines. At the time, the deal was undoubtedly good for the two Chinese SOEs. But it became even better after its terms were secretly amended in 2017 to accelerate payments to Chinese investors at the expense of promised infrastructure development. When the revised terms became public in 2021, they created a furor in Congo. They also prompted the current Congolese government to question the fairness of China Molybdenum’s 2016 deal for the giant Tenke Fungurume cobalt-and-cooper mine. Naturally, the two cases serve as cautionary tales to other countries considering deals with Chinese companies.

Nevertheless, if Chinese companies are able to maintain their dominance over rare earth metals production, Beijing’s industry consolidation has the potential to create a Chinese “trump card” in Beijing’s relations with Washington and the West. Unlike OPEC, China has no need to worry about partners cheating on production quotas. However, Chinese SOEs do have to worry about the political winds in Beijing, where power has undergone its own consolidation under Xi. The increasingly consolidated political structure surely makes China’s market power over rare earth metals easier to wield. But should Beijing wield that power too vigorously, or threaten to use it too often, Beijing may further propel the very forces that will undermine its longevity.


[1] The 17 elements are cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanum, lutetium, neodymium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, scandium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, and yttrium.

[2] China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Rare Earth Development Plan, 2016–2020 (2016).

[3] U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022, p. 2; and U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2019, p. 2.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a non-partisan organization that seeks to publish well-argued, policy-oriented articles on American foreign policy and national security priorities.